Author: Bernard

What is Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)? Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is a geophysical resistivity method used to determine how electrical resistivity changes with depth beneath a specific point on the ground. In this method—commonly applied in groundwater exploration—a direct current (DC) is injected into the earth through two current electrodes, while the resulting potential difference…

Groundwater contamination prevention is critical when drilling boreholes. According to WHO, millions consume unsafe groundwater daily.Communities invest resources expecting safe water, but without proper hydrogeological surveys, wells may yield unsafe supplies. Without prior assessment, newly drilled wells can yield contaminated water – turbid, odorous, chemically tainted, or containing invisible toxins that pose serious health risks….